Abstract: The wheel-rail static contact and wheel-rail rolling contact analysis are carried out by using the transient three-dimensional finite element method to study the problems of peeling, adhesion, and non-roundness of wheels of HX_D3D locomotive running on the complex line of Lanxin line and Lanqing line on the high and cold plateau; and the influence rule of wheel traverse amount, axle load and other factors on wheel-rail rolling contact parts and wheel-rail contact is revealed. The calculation results show that the variation curve of the contact area with lateral displacement has the same variation law as the variation curve of the contact spot's transversal length with lateral displacement. When the axle load continues to increase consistently, the internal and external stress of the wheel tread grows relatively slowly, while the contact area grows relatively quickly. During the wheel-rail rolling process, the equivalent stress of wheel in the overall range increases and changes significantly with the increase of axle load, whereas the equivalent stress of the rail changes little. The research findings provide a solid theoretical foundation for lowering the cost of rotary repair and ensuring the locomotive safety.