Abstract: This paper analyzes the characteristics and influence of the photovoltaic power generation system under different environmental conditions through the theoretical modeling and simulation experiment of the inverter, optimizes the system design and improves the energy conversion efficiency. The mathematical model of photovoltaic modules, maximum power point tracking （MPPT） controller and inverter was established, and MATLAB / Simulink simulation was used to analyze the power, efficiency and inverter performance of photovoltaic system under different light intensity, temperature and load, and evaluate the accuracy of MPPT algorithm and the conversion efficiency of inverter. The simulation shows that the system has the highest efficiency （99.48%） under the standard light intensity （1000 W / m²） and low temperature （25 ℃）, but the power and efficiency decrease significantly after the temperature increases. The tracking error of P & O algorithm is 0.5%～4.87%, and the inverter efficiency is 96% in the rated load. Finally, the experiment verifies the influence of environmental conditions on the performance of the photovoltaic system, and the optimization of the MPPT algorithm and the inverter control strategy can further improve the efficiency. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of photovoltaic system, and the dynamic environmental adaptability and hardware verification research should be strengthened in the future.